An insurer that is formed outside of the United States is called a _____?

An insurer that is formed outside of the United States is referred to as an alien insurer. This classification is based on the geographical location of the insurer's formation relative to where the insurance policy is issued. An alien insurer operates under the laws and regulations of its home country but is permitted to offer insurance products to policyholders in other countries, including the United States.

In contrast, a domestic insurer is one that is formed under the laws of the state in which it operates, while a foreign insurer refers to one that is established in a different state than where it is doing business. The term "independent agent" pertains to an individual or agency that represents multiple insurance companies rather than being tied to a single insurer. A reciprocal insurer is a different type of organization where policyholders exchange insurance contracts directly among themselves. Thus, the correct term that identifies an insurer established outside the U.S. is indeed “alien insurer.”